There's a catch phase, "better living through chemistry" used to exalt the wonders of modern medicine to aid man kind. Yet, many of these medicines would not be possible without our medicinal plants. Nearly forty percent of all prescribed medicines are derived from plants and fungi or are designed from naturally occurring chemical compounds. Many natural substances, such as various plant alkaloids, have been found to disrupt cellular function and are well suited for various cancer treatments. Some natural substances abate bacterium growth; some alleviate pain and are analgesic.
These medicines include aspirin, digoxin, warfarin, and the vinca alkaloids used in treating childhood leukemia and breast cancers.
Certain populations of a plant species may be more potent than others, and plant parts vary in their concentrations of medicinal compounds. The underground parts of plants, such as roots, rhizomes, and bulbs, are often the most potent part of a medicinal plant, where the secondary compounds produced by the plant metabolism are most concentrated. Organic compounds could by synthesized by chemists in the laboratory. Early in the nineteenth century, plants were no longer the number source for effective medicines. Some plant compounds still must come directly from plants because they have not yet been successfully synthesized, including morphine, cocaine, ergotamine, podophyllin, and digitalis. Other plant compounds such as atropine and reserpine are too expensive to synthesize, so pharmaceutical companies continue to rely on natural sources.
Health Today
About eighty percent of people in developing countries still rely on medicinal plant-based traditional medicines for their primary health care. In the U.S., about twenty-five percent of prescriptions are filled with drugs whose active ingredients are extracted or derived from plants. Several of the drugs sold today are simple synthetic modifications or copies of the naturally obtained substances.
Approximately 120 prescription drugs are derived from plants, and these drugs come from only 95 plant species. Today there are at least 120 distinct chemical substances derived from plants that are considered as important drugs currently in use in one or more countries in the world. These chemical substances are shown in the table below.
We tend to think of prescription and cancer treatment drugs as coming from new medical plant discoveries, but there have been many drugs and chemicals that are commonplace now that we don't think much as "wonder drugs" any longer that were derived from medicinal plants. The following is a short list of some over-the-counter (OTC), anti-malarial, cancer, and specialized treatment drugs and herbal supplements, which benefit mankind, and whose active ingredients are extracted or derived from plants:
Common (Drug; Source; Action/Use):
Aspirin; Willow bark (Salix species); Analgesic
Emetine (Syrup of Ipecac); Cephaelis ipecacuanha; Induce vomiting; particularly in cases accidental swallowing of poisonous or harmful substances
Scopolamine; Hyoscyamus niger; Motion sickness
Camphor; Cinnamomum camphora; Rubefacient
a-Lobeline; Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata); Smoking deterrant
Sanguinarine; Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis); Dental plaque inhibitor
Stevia (Stevioside); Stevia rebaudiana; Sweetener
Thymol; Thymus vulgaris; Antifungal (topical); popular in mouthwashes
Valapotriates; Valeriana officinalis; Sedative; with no morning hangover effect
Silymarin; Milk thistle (Silybum marianum); Antihepatotoxic; supports liver health
Morphine, Codeine; Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum); Analgesic ; antitussive (Codeine)
Pseudoephredrine; Ephedra sinica; Sympathomimetic
Erythoromycin; Tropical fungi; Antibiotic
Tubocurarine; Chondodentron tomentosum; Muscle relaxant
Pilocarpine ; Jaborandi; Glaucoma
Anti-malarial (Drug; Source; Action/Use):
Quinine; Cinchona ledgerian; Anti-malarial
Coartem; Sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua); Anti-malarial
Cancer treatment (Drug ; Source ; Action/Use):
Vinblastine; Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus); Hodgkin's disease
Vincristine; Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus); Leukemia
Taxol/Paclitaxel; Pacific Yew (Taxus brevofolia ); Ovarian and breast cancer
VePesid, Etopophos/Etoposide ; Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) ; Lymphomas; leukemias; lung, breast, testicular cancers
Hycmatim/Toptecan; Chinese Tree of Hop/Joy (Camptotheca acuminata); Ovarian, breast, lung cancers; certain types of leukemias
Specialized treatment (Drug; Source; Action/Use):
Chaulmoogra oil; Derived from trees in the genera Hydrocarpus and Taraktogenos; Antibiotic against bacterium that causes leprosy
Digitoxin, Digitalin, Digoxin; Common foxglove (Digitalis purpurea); Cardiotonic, functioning as a heart stimulant that improves the tone and rhythm of an ailing heartbeat
Reserpine; Snakeroot (Rauvolfia species); Tranquilizer
Kawain; Kava (Piper methysticum); Tranquilizer
Atropine; Atropa belladonna; Anticholinergic, aids cognitive impairment
Gossypol; Gossypium species (Cottonseed); Male contraceptive
Hydrastine; Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis); Hemostatic, astringent
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